The Dynasty Of Chinese History Essay - 1715 Words

The Six Dynasty period in Chinese historiography is often classified with moments of conflict, revolt, strife, famine, disunity, and not innovation. Historians and academics categorize the period as a placeholder between the more significant Han China—206 BCE to 220 CE—and the Tang dynasty—618 to 907 CE. Understandably, Han China’s military, infrastructure, and civil capabilities were rivalled only by that of the Roman Empire, and even then, the Han dynasties administrative capabilities were rivalled by none. The Tang period is widely considered to be the high point of Chinese culture and civilization, where cosmopolitan China emerged with force vastly shaping China for centuries to come. The significance of the Han and Tang dynasties is not in question, it is the lack of importance that historians confer on the Six Dynasties period. Admittedly the Six Dynasty period in Chinese history can be categorized as a warring period, in which China did not develop unilaterally, but separately along fractured lines (split both north-south, and east-west). Much like the European medieval period, there are few accessible sources from early-medieval china, and because of this, China’s six dynasty period is brushed over as a period of little advancement and innovation. The â€Å"Dark Ages† in Europe use to receive the same scholarly interpretation as a period of stagnation. Agreeably a topic of righting historical wrongs is too large for too few pages, as such, the scope of this paper is notShow MoreRelatedAncient Chinese Dynasties752 Words   |  4 PagesThere were many Chinese dynasties that rose and fell throughout China’s history. The history of China, in a way, is a history of battles and wars. These wars were so important that they changed the structure of Chinese culture both then and now. Three dynasties that rose and fell during ancient China were the Han, the Tang, and the Song. The rise and fall of these great dynasties form a link that runs through Chinese history. The Han period was one of the golden ages of Chinese civilization.Read MoreGreat Dynasty As A Powerful Economic And Imperialistic Country1365 Words   |  6 PagesJosh Turner Professor Mayes History 110 4/9/2015 Great dynasties in Imperialistic China Ancient China was always able to flourish as a powerful economic and imperialistic country. Behind this great amount of early success were great dynasties that played great roles in China’s history. China has always been highly influenced by its great ancient dynasties. These dynasties were able to establish monetary systems, road and canal systems for trade, and also build great elaborate historic structuresRead MoreQin And Han Dynasty708 Words   |  3 PagesHistorical Research Paper China has had many dynasties, but there are two which stand out; which, are the Qin and the Han. Ancient China has had one of the oldest and longest civilizations in the history of the world. Throughout China’s history, China was ruled by powerful families called dynasties. Because of Qin and Han significance and impact on China, both dynasties sites are influential to Chinese history, but the Han dynasty had a greater impact on the history of China due to their significant riseRead MoreChina s History, Traditions, Geography, And More1198 Words   |  5 Pagesinteresting history, traditions, geography, and more. Have you ever been curious about China’s history, traditions, geography, and more? If you are curious then this is a perfect thing to read! Let’s begin with history in China. In the Prehistoric Times original humans began activity in the Paleolithic Times, and early culture and society forming. The Xia Dynasty was the first dynasty made, and was established by Qi (son of Yu the Great). It was a country made up of different tribes. The Shang Dynasty wasRead MoreAncient China s Trade And Economy1445 Words   |  6 Pagesperiod of the dynasties (Timeline of Chinese History and Dynasties). The dynastic period included successions of rulers who usually descended from the same family. After the ruler passed away, their successor took their preceder s sole-reigning position of emperor. The Xia Dynasty started the period of the dynasties in 2100 BCE. (Timeline of Chinese History and Dynasties). The Qing Dynasty marked the end of the dynastic period in 1912 CE (Timeline of Chinese History and Dynasties). In between theRead More The Ming Dynasty Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesThe Ming Dynasty The Chinese Empire was large and controlled most of Asia at one point in time. One of the dynasties that ruled the empire was the Ming Family. Ruling from 1368-1644, almost three hundred years, the Ming Dynasty impacted Chinese history very much. The purpose of this paper is to tell the history of the Ming Dynasty’s impact on the Chinese Empire, and to explain why the Chinese Empire was in fact an empire. The Ming Dynasty had created an empire. They had the governmentRead MoreIntroduction to Chinese Caligraphy Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesChinese calligraphy Introduction Every single culture has a way of representing itself. The most different part between China and Australian is the language. Chinese word (han-zi) is hieroglyphic words, and it has its own art style: Chinese calligraphy. Additionally, Chinese calligraphy (shu fa) is a crucial documentation, which is able to learn about history through today. The Chinese calligraphy is among the world’s best-documented and preserved art in human history. It has been passed down throughRead MoreThe History of the Song Dynasty661 Words   |  3 Pagesthe history of Western Civilization Marco Polos visit to China was a major event. What most do not know or appreciate is the fact that such visit occurred in one of Chinas golden ages in a period known as the Song dynasty. The Song dynasty last for over three centuries from 960 to approximately 1279 and was characterized by a vibrant and prosperous economy which was accompanied by a rich cultural life. The prosperity enjoyed during the Song dynasty transcended various aspects of Chinese societyRead MoreQin Dynasty Essay1061 Words   |  5 Pagesborn. The Qin Dynasty put in all their blood, sweat, and tears to change China for the best. As a result, Chinese civilization was impacted tremendously in almost every aspect. These landmarks in Chinese history go back to the spreading of Legalism to the birth of the Great Wall. Through these countless contributions, the Qin Dynasty was able to revolutionize the Chinese civilization in such a short period of time. After unifying the Chinese empire, Qin Shi Huangdi (leader of Qin Dynasty) made severalRead MoreDevelopments in Ancient China1255 Words   |  6 Pages In the early years of China, the Chinese began a period of establishment in the world with ideas and teachings of new religions, changing powers, and building empires. In a nutshell the Chinese were progressing toward new technology, writings, and belief systems. The Chinese saw many dynasties come and go as well as many ups and downs experienced with societies over the course of history. As all nation’s go through change, the Chinese experienced changes from other lands far away and produced

The Origins Of Poverty And Inequality Essay - 1652 Words

The origins of poverty and inequality can be traced back to the time of slavery and greed that this country encouraged. Some Americans, including African Americans, experience significant hardships, including temporary food shortages, inadequate housing, and unfair treatment, but these individuals are a minority within the overall poverty population. Poverty remains an issue of serious social concern, but accurate information about that problem is essential in creating a solution. This kind of poverty and inequality is rooted in the nation today by blatant segregation, discrimination, and immorality among individuals of higher power. President Obama broke the barrier and revolutionized America when he became president. In his speech, A More Perfect Union, he delivered and conveyed many messages about his beliefs concerning racism. He starts off explaining how the founders of our nation made the Constitution creating all men equal, but did not fully practice that idea. His former pastor, Reverend Wright, spoke some very controversial words concerning the issue of racism, which created much unease. Obama goes on to say that his former pastor is a good man, that he just has lived and grew up in a time where segregation and the Jim Crow Laws were legal in the United States. The anger and hostility of not being able to achieve something of oneself is felt not only in the African American community, but also in areas of the white community. Obama’s solution to ending this anger ofShow MoreRelatedPoverty in the U.S.961 Words   |  4 Pagesin the Economist, the US currently boasts the highest post-tax level of i ncome inequality of any high-income country in the world (Economist 2013). The nations Gini Coefficient – a measure of wealth inequality – currently stands at .42, well above that of other nations such as Switzerland and Sweden, which have Gini Coefficients of .31 and .33 respectively. Unfortunately this high level of income and wealth inequality is growing. Between 1979 and 2011, American earners in the top one percent sawRead MorePoverty And Poverty985 Words   |  4 Pagesexpansion are directly linked to poverty. And direct contact in the case of basic social and economic human rights, such as the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of the individual and his family, including food, clothing, housing and medical care. This link is indirect in the case of civil and political human rights associated with democratic governance and the rule of law (Pogge, 2017) .The poor, who suffer from extreme poverty and are deeply involved in the str uggleRead MoreThe Basic Political Writings Written By Jean Jacques Rousseau1185 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is the origin of inequality among men, and is it authorized by the natural law? Rousseau takes a different approach than all the other philosophers on trying to figure out the origin of man and their so-called inequality. Rousseau’s point of view on the state of nature differs from other philosophers such as Locke and Hobbes. How do you find the origin of man? Where can the origin of civil society be traced back too? How are men perceived in the state of nature? Does inequality exist in theRead MoreImpact Of Globalization On The Social Consciousness Of The Late 20th Century Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagesbe equal to or with developed nations. Hence, as The Economist.com (2014) continues to assert, when developed countries enter global markets, economic inequality is significantly diminished. However, according to Hogan (2012), the ability of developing nations to compe te with developed ones is severely reduced in a globalized market due to inequality of skills. Pologeorgis (2010) also mentions that free trade has increased production and labor costs. Considering these divisive outcomes, does globalizationRead MoreRacial Inequality And The United States882 Words   |  4 PagesRacial Inequality â€Å"Change will not come if we wait for some other person or if we wait for some other time. We are the ones we’ve been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.† President Obama, then senator Obama, declared these words at a speech to supporters in 2008. If we are ‘the ones that we’ve been waiting for’, why aren’t things changing? Why is there still racism? Why is there still discrimination? These are crucial questions that I anticipate will remain unanswered forever. After BarackRead MoreEthnicity Creates Inequality in the Labor Market1267 Words   |  5 Pagescreates some inequality in labour market and health. The ethnicity is de1fined as a process of self-definition arising from inside a group. A way in which individuals define their personal identity and a type of social stratification that emerges when people form groups based on their real or perceived origins. (Dictionary of Human Geography, 5th Edition). Firstly, the inequality in minority ethnicity group labour market is one significant existing factor of London’s socially inequality. There wereRead MoreGlt1 Task 2 Essay676 Words   |  3 PagesAmerica By Western Governors University Abstract The United States faces many social problems. One of these problems is child hunger. It has sociological origins and challenges for government and citizens alike. Social Problem The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) reports 16.7 million children under the age of eighteen live in a household where consistentRead MoreCriminal Justice System And The United States1183 Words   |  5 Pagesin new, illegitimate, and ostensibly unconstitutional forms of debtor’s prisons that permeate contemporary U.S. society. Jeopardizing the liberty of vulnerable populations, based upon material inequality and extraction of necessary resources, only does one thing within a society: continue the cycle of poverty and increase the poor’s dependence upon the rich for their liberty, equality and most importantly, survival. Within the ideal society for Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the laws put forth (authored byRead MoreThe United States Wealth Inequality Gap1369 Words   |  6 Pages The number of children who are living in poverty have decreased for the first time in almost ten years. The Census Bureau reported a 0.5 percent decrease of Americans living in poverty from 2012 to 2013. Poverty is among the country’s contemporary social problems in the Twenty-First Century. According to the Census Bureau, 45.3 million people were categorized as living in poverty in 2013. To address contemporary social problems like poverty, one must take an in depth look at the reasons why thereRead MoreCritical Race Theory : Race And Racism Essay927 Words   |  4 PagesStatus Understanding the dynamics within poverty and the how if impacts students, communities, higher education and society is key to addressing the issues related to the inequalities in equity. There are several different types o of poverty in America such as generational poverty, situational poverty, the working poor, underclass and those who are categorized under the cultural deficit model. Although every person has their own perception of beliefs about poverty, it is essential that as educators,

Hunter S Tompson and Gonzo Journalism Essay Example For Students

Hunter S Tompson and Gonzo Journalism Essay In the late sixties a young journalist and free-lance novelist named Hunter S. Thompson (HST) emerged with a new, crazed and exaggerated brand of reporting. It was sooner or later referred to as Gonzo. HSTs own definition of gonzo has varied over the years, but he still maintains that a good gonzo journalist needs the talent of a master journalist, the eye of an artist/photographer and the heavy balls of an actor and that gonzo is a style of reporting based on William Faulkners idea that the best fiction is far more true than any kind of journalism(Carroll, page 192). Gonzo journalism has also been referred to as outlaw journalism, new journalism, alternative journalism, literary cubism, and other words better not repeated here. With such high profile stages for his writings in Rolling Stone Magazine, The San Francisco Chronicle, Esquire and Vanity Fair, HST has proven that his exaggerated gonzo journalism is as relevant (or even more so) than that of conventional journalists. In this essay, the concept and development of gonzo journalism and its relevance to media and reporting will be thoroughly explored. Dr Hunter S. Thompson is a man of great wit and charisma. He is 62 tall, and, due to the fact that one leg is longer than the other, he tends to bob back and forth. He is apparently always thirsty, and his favorite drinks are known to be Wild Turkey and Chivas Regal. Besides being a writer and failed politician, HST is also a collector of peacocks and guns. HST is also happily divorced with one son, Juan. Dr Thompsons journalism career began in the daily columns of small town newspapers, but because of differences in personality, opinion and style, he did not last long at any of them. HSTs first piece of writing to be labeled gonzo was The Kentucky Derby is Decadent and Depraved written for Scanlans magazine along with illustrations by the well known cartoonist Ralph Steadman (a sample of Mr. Steadmans work will be found on the title page to this essay). As the deadline for the article approached, and with the article still incomplete, HST resorted to ripping out pages of his notebook and sending them to the editors. What resulted was the beginning of gonzo journalism. Many see gonzo journalism to be a variation of a theme, which began with new journalism in the 60s, led primarily by author Tom Wolfe. (The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, etc.) New Journalism was said to have broken all the rules of traditional journalism. The old style journalists were supposed to take an objective point of view in their articles. The new journalists were far more subjective, getting personally involved in the stories they were reporting. New journalism really isnt new at all. Objectivity has been the great myth of journalism. As hard as media sources try to be objective, they can never truly achieve it. Everything from space limitations (a journalist must decide what is and what is not important enough to fit into a column) to illustrations (this gives readers a non-objective picture in their head about the issue) infringe on objectivity. New journalism and gonzo journalism alike pay no regard to the objectivity laws of journalism and instead focus their works very little on the facts but on the facts, as they perceive them. One difference between gonzo journalist Thompson and new journalist Tom Wolfe is that while Wolfe tries to become the fly on the wall, Thompson is very much the fly in the ointment. HSTs writings cannot be taken 100% seriously, as even he admits. Basically its all true. I warped a few things, but basically thats the way it was Thompson said describing his second book, Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas: A Savage Journey to the heart of the American Dream (quotation found on book cover). If everyone took everything I said seriously they would be missing the whole point of gonzo journalism Thompson explains. Journalist John Sack illustrates a common journalistic dilemma in this quotation: I wrote my story for Stars and Stripes: Seoul, Korea. Gen. .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .postImageUrl , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:hover , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:visited , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:active { border:0!important; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:active , .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233 .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7b740a99912f7aa1b37c1be45449b233:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: I just couldn't bear it Essay Maxwell Taylor said today that there is no ammunition shortage in Korea. But I also know what he .

Urban Morphology free essay sample

Urban morphology is the study of the form of human settlements and the process of their formation and transformation. The study seeks to understand the spatial structure and character of a metropolitan area, city, town or village by examining the patterns of its component parts and the process of its development. This can involve the analysis of physical structures at different scales as well as patterns of movement, land use, ownership or control and occupation. Typically, analysis of physical form focuses on street pattern, lot (or, in the UK, plot) pattern and building pattern, sometimes referred to collectively as urban grain. Analysis of specific settlements is usually undertaken using cartographic sources and the process of development is deduced from comparison of historic maps. Special attention is given to how the physical form of a city changes over time and to how different cities compare to each other. Another significant part of this subfield deals with the study of the social forms which are expressed in the physical layout of a city, and, conversely, how physical form produces or reproduces various social forms. We will write a custom essay sample on Urban Morphology or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The essence of the idea of morphology was initially expressed in the writings of the great poet and philosopher Goethe (1790); the term as such was first used in bioscience. Recently it is being increasingly used in geography, geology, philology and other subjects. In American geography, urban morphology as a particular field of study owes its origins to Lewis Mumford, James Vance and Sam Bass Warner. Peter Hall of the UK is also a central figure. Urban morphology is also considered as the study of urban tissue, or fabric, as a means of discerning the underlying structure of the built landscape. This approach challenges the common perception of unplanned environments as chaotic or vaguely organic through understanding the structures and processes embedded in urbanisation.

City Branding of Dubai

Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on City Branding of Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Introduction Different scholars seek to determine why governments and private investors engage in a complete overhaul of a city. Breitenoder (2009, p. 104) argues that like a product, a city requires branding, rebranding, and marketing. It requires a strategic plan, and an effective communications plan to achieve the city objectives. Prior to the development of a branding strategy, it is important to come up with a consumer oriented research proposal. A research-oriented proposal understands that the recipient of the product is very important throughout the phases of product development. Different theories of making including sales, production, marketing company, and other models apply differently. According to Kanna (2011, p. 75), the marketing analyst, branding is an all-encompassing aspect of product launch, which i nfluences long-term consumer perception in relation to the product or service. He further reinforces that the most important elements for a marketer include consumers and the capital requisite for launching a successful Ad campaign. The intention of any marketer is to transform the unique selling proposition into tangible consumer benefits. In order to achieve this, it is significant to understand and change consumer attitudes and behaviour through excellent branding techniques. People brand products to increase their aesthetic value to the customers. During city branding, important features to incorporate are elements of city planning that deter investors from associating with the metropolis. City branding Attwood (2014), a marketing professional and a columnist with Arabian business suggests that sometimes countries have to take major risks in order to create a city brand that will have long-term impacts on the population. Before branding a city, the government, the investors, and the citizens play different roles.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As suggested by the name, branding refers to an appraisal and upgrading process of an existing product. Attwood (2014) establishes that upgrading a product, service, or city increases consumer appeal on the commodity. There are different reasons that make branding important for different commodities. Giesen (2014) complements the study by mentioning that one of the most hectic tasks is the successful branding of a city. Unlike a product, the face value of a city lies in the eyes of the investors and the citizens. The government only responds to the calls of improvement because it can provide oversight of procurement and expenditure for the exchequer. (Attwood 2014) mentions that Saudi took an equally bold step in investing in its King Abdullah Economic City in order to increase access to the U.A.E and the rest of Europe. Business interests influence the decisions made towards upgrading cities. Besides commercial interests, there is an ardent need for countries to ensure that their cities are sustainable, tourist-friendly, and accessible to different regions across the world. Targeting and segmentation of consumers during city branding One of the most difficult branding ventures to achieve is the inability to describe a product. How then is it possible to dispense the right approach to city launch and marketing if the brand does not affiliate to a particular product? Dubai’s H1 2013 visitor stats top the charts (2014) strives to answer the question using the most intellectual approach to marketing. According to the author, the product is the cutting edge that determines the initial attitude of the target consumer. The brand’s packaging and positioning make it possible for a consumer to make a first purchase and to make a repeat purchase. Brands build loyalty or cons umer defection depending on the effect they have on the target consumer. Dubai’s H1 2013 visitor stats top the charts (2014) takes a particular interest in Dubai as the product requisite of branding. The scholar explores its infrastructure, tourism, economic system, law, technology, and education and the list is endless. In at least each element identified in the research, the author found out an element that required improvement or emulation. Dubaization: Brand-Dubai (2011) singles out Dubai from other U.A.E countries. The article complements the country’s transport infrastructure and the real estate business. However, Dubai’s H1 2013 visitor stats top the charts (2014) shows concerns for the increasing costs of the skyscrapers and the near real estate bubble that might influence the way people see and acquire the product. The same author identifies that the education system requires an overhaul in order for the children to understand English before they are 15 years old.Advertising We will write a custom dissertation sample on City Branding of Dubai specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This way, they can get temporary employment before joining college. They can contribute towards economic development while promoting economic growth. Dubai Branding Process (2014) shows optimism for Dubai’s economy since in the past 2 decades, the U.A.E countries display solidarity and tremendous economic growth. Oil and gas should not be the only element that the countries entirely depend on in order to progress economically. Consumer behaviour When carrying out research, each marketer aims at developing a positive hypothesis in which the results will match the questions raised. Parkerson and Saunders (2005, p. 242) provide different types of consumer behaviour and the factors that influence such actions. Customers choose to remain loyal to a product, they defect, or they make a repeat action. The b ehaviour depends on their expectations and the achievement of the same through the unique selling proposition. In the U.A.E, it is difficult to notice a country unless it explores diverse markets in a unique way. The customers in this case are foreign countries especially in East Asia, and Europe. The close business ties developed between the continents during the fight for the Persian Gulf remain relevant to date.   Each country in the U.A.E seeks to establish a long-term business network in order to invest in other countries, contribute effectively to economic growth, and to provide jobs to the citizens. To determine consumer behaviour, product developers focus on four marketing elements including place, product, promotion, price, and people.  Consumers are the people that the product targets, and proximity or farness of a place determines whether a consumer will make a repeat sale or not. Attwood (2014) mentions that Dubai has a port along the Red Sea’s shore, which li nks it to other western countries and the U.A.E. In 2005, it showed prospects of rechanneling the seaport to link Saudi Arabia through the short King Abdullah Economic City port. The new seaport offers better business prospects as opposed to other seaports within the region. The intention is to reduce time spent in shipping, and to woo customers who give much value to place and price. Naturally, when the distance travelled with commodities is limited, the cost of production and distribution reduce, and this influences the price of the product. An assessment of the consumer behaviour has a direct link to the way foreign countries respond to the branding of a city.Advertising Looking for dissertation on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dubai’s H1 2013 visitor stats top the charts (2014) argues that once a city decides to improve its transport network, the foreign governments that relate to it perceive good economic relations. On the other hand, countries, which focus on improving the tourism sector, aim at wooing foreign direct investment through entertainment. In essence, city branding is largely more productive as opposed to consumables. As such, customers visit cities that offer tangible product benefits evidenced by political, social, technological, and social development. The U.A.E countries including Qatar and Saudi Arabia enjoy good relations with Dubai because Dubai delivers the consumer expectations through a stable political environment of investment and good economic policies. As a brand, the city has it foreign policies that influence relationships within and outside the U.A.E. Dubai’s significance in the UAE framework The U.A.E countries came together in the 1980s after acquiring the Per sian Gulf from colonialist powers. Known as the Trucial States, the U.A.E countries had to fight for the rich oil and gas belt along the Red Sea shore. By 1853, Dubai had to sign the Perpetual Maritime Truce, which earned the Great Britain the responsibility of securing the Trucial States. The Great Britain was difficult to trust with such magnitudes of political responsibility. Hourani (2002, p. 20), notes that an anthropologist keenly studies Bur Dubai as an oil rich resident of most Arabs stricken by smallpox. He also shares the stories of Deira, a place of refuge in which the Dubai citizens sought in order calm from the pandemic. The same place caught fire leading to the death of many Dubai citizens, but it was business as usual. It was in 1841 that Dubai realised its potential among the Trucial States. The country made it possible to embark on commercial activities irrespective of the two major bouts that affected its economy. The U.A.E requires countries that show an obvious i nterest for economic development and resilience even in the most difficult socioeconomic difficulties. According to Breitenoder (2009, p. 103), Dubai still upholds the pace of economic growth by always incorporating new elements that can increase access to the country from the West. Currently, the country invests in internet technology to support its commercial ventures.  Technology is fast and ubiquitous, and unlike physical transport, people can carry out business transactions over long distances in a limited period. Unlike the conservative Middle East economies, Dubai strives to incorporate capitalist principles of marketing and business management in order to increase access to new business frontiers across the world. Buhalis and Darcy (2011, p. 38) show concerns for religious and civic culture, which are likely to influence brand positioning of Dubai to the rest of the world. Excellent branding of its tourism and the real estate sectors are very important in erasing the ideol ogy from the minds of the target consumers. It also make Dubai different from other U.A.E countries including Bahrain since it is the sole state that attracts foreigners from the west to the U.A.E. Breitenoder (2009, p. 103) analyses the significance of oil and gas to the U.A.E. But he mentions that non-English speaking countries have difficulties in relating with foreigners. Dubai supports English as a second language for its expatriates, which remains very significant for the development of the U.A.E at large. The history of Dubai and its need for branding Each city is a brand like any other product. Its face value reduces through history and it is very important to focus on strategies that would make the product appealing to the target audiences. Cozmiuc (2011) argues that the history of product development determines the response it will have in the market and its significance to the target consumers. When the Trucial States existed, there were different caliphates that strived for recognition. Islamic periods characterised by the introduction and the fall of the Umayyad Empire gave a completely new view of the religion and the principles it supported. Cozmiuc (2011) mentions that countries associated with the Islamic period had to fight for recognition, and it explains the increase in Muslim extremist cases. Breitenoder (2009, p. 113) traces Dubai’s inception to 1905, and the first activity associated with the country is fishing, which generates income. Cozmiuc (2011) establishes that the first function of a product becomes its signature strength and it becomes very difficult to dissociate the product from its functionality. Historical artefacts determine that the people of Dubai majorly depended on trading activities for survival.  After forming the United Arab Emirates in 1971, Dubai made the best decision for joining the act of union with other member states including Abu Dhabi and Fujairah among others. The transition is also part of a brandi ng strategy that sought to make Dubai independent from the British rule (Smith and Abu 2013). In marketing, a product that operates independently wins consumer goodwill because various authorities can take responsibility for any losses or gain. A series of activities make Dubai one of the best tourist destinations in the 21st century. The country channelled most income from the oil and gas business into tourism and economy building. Commerce is the backbone of Dubai, and many people would actually go to the country on a shopping spree or holiday.  Cozmiuc (2011) agrees with Peng (2014, p. 10) that product history defines its future, but during product development, the strategic plan should also address risks. Dubai has many skyscrapers including the worlds’ tallest the Burj Khalifa. However, building the economy and the stable monarchy was not easy. The country faced criticism for boundary disputes during its establishment. The U.A.E countries each want to develop and dispu tes are likely to occur in relation to border encroachment. For instance, the disputed Jebel Ali port created conflicts between the U.A.E states and Dubai over encroachment of import and export activities of Dubai into other nations. Consequently, the Gulf War and Invasion into Iraq form some historical transitions that made Dubai the rich country it is today. Dubai uses communication and religious policies to solve its conflicts. Effective and efficient communication remains very significant during product development, packaging, and branding. Peng (2014, p. 12) talks about communication, but Morgan, Lugosi, and Ritchie (2010, p. 63) reinforces on the significance of developing a comprehensive communication plan when branding. Dubai is still in the process of transformation even when it seems perfect to the rest of the world. The way the country interacts with people through the various foreign policies and commercial ventures determine the reception it receives from the rest of th e society. Arguably, Dubai cannot survive without effective communication. People depend on in-house communication to know the new productions they should expect in the market. Irrespective of the insignificance of a stakeholder, communication is critical for project progress. Morgan et al. (2010, p. 60) mention that the project coordinators often accomplish effective communication through relevant procedures and tools. The author accredits computer-mediated communication since it serves the purpose of effectiveness in the current day and age. He also compliments face-to-face communication, which seems to lose relevance in the 21st century.  According to morgan et al. (2010, p. 63), a comprehensive communication plan covers many areas including a Communication Plan Matrix, a Stakeholder Analysis, a conflict resolution plan, and communicational methods. The tools and methods of communication have to align to the project and company objectives, vision, and mission. The stakeholders have different capabilities, expectations, and interests in the project. To fulfil the unique interest, it is important to face each phase of the project with the right communication tool. Initially, Dubai had an overwhelming interest in improving its real estate sector. Today, much focus is on tourism, which complements the oil and gas industry. Critics do not fail to recognise the deterrents to progress including labour disputes as recorded by various expatriates who seek job opportunities from third world states to the U.A.E (Dinnie 2011). In essence, a comprehensive communication plan serves different functions for products because it markets, creates, and brand positions the product in the target market. Dubai has a worldwide reach meaning that the effective communication should be capable of branding its tourism sector beyond the East Asian region, the Persian Gulf, and the Middle East to the rest of the world. Case studies Different countries across the U.A.E and other contin ents undergo different phases of improvement in order to generate a unique appeal to the target populations. Saudi Arabia and Indi are in the process of improving their transport infrastructure while developing contemporary economic cities to accommodate the growing citizen populations. Besides reducing the physical space of occupation, the projects aim at brand positioning the countries of the rest of the world. Dubai has many things to learn from different countries including Singapore, Saudi, and China. Branding Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia is in the process of branding both the economy and the geographic surrounding through a megaproject. Each U.A.E city rivals the other in order to have access to the greatest number of foreigners transiting through the Red Sea ports. While Dubai responded to the call for the 2020 exposition of countries across the world in November 2013, Saudi began a rebranding project in 2005. King Abdullah Economic City (KAEC) is a contemporary project that mig ht end in 2020 and it will cost between USD $86 billion and USD 100 billion. KAEC will open up Saudi to Jeddah, Mecca, and the UK. To the North, KAEC borders Jeddah and it takes about 1 hour to move from one end to the other. According to (Bouee 2011, p. 49), the project will occupy about 173 km2. Currently, the team is in the process of finishing the first stage of the project that King Abdulaziz flagged off 9 years ago. The King Abdullah Port (KAP) has links from other U.A.E countries including Dubai, Bahrain, and Kuwait among others. Political, civic, and economic factors influence each stage of product development, but the Saudi government displays optimism in the successful completion of the KAEC by the end of 2020. Matters of religion and culture are under discourse because the project aims at creating a communal meeting place for the people of the U.A.E and the rest of the world. In the residential, retail businesses, and industrial ventures, the Saudi community seeks to infl uence the attitudes of investors towards the country. In each strategic management plan, consumer oriented products always succeed because the marketers seek the opinions of the consumers prior to product launch (Smith and Abu 2013). Dubai is in the course of linking Jebel Port to KAP because Dubai only has economic interests in the country. Dubai has to learn marketing tactics from the Saudi government, which employs expatriates for purposes of enhancing foreign relations. The country should consider developing economy cities for the growing youthful population. JKAP is like any other project in Dubai’s expo 2020 and Dubai has an opportunity to explore such markets and understand the principles they use to attract huge number of tourists even when they do not have excellent technological or transport infrastructure. Waltz Disney in Singapore and China The austere commercial environment of Singapore seeks to open up to new ventures in the future. Currently, plans are underway for the country to embrace one of the largest production houses in the world. First, the country deals with challenges of reinforcing the English culture while ensuring that people do not lose their religious and social values. Dubai also has similar concerns even though the country is less likely to accommodate foreign investments. All it tries to do is to place itself as the best destination for the rest of the world through imports, exports, and virtual businesses instead of hosting foreign businesses. Ahead of Singapore, Kula Lumpur, and Bangkok, China decided to embrace the Disney Walt culture in the late 1990s. In 2002, the same company sought to venture into the Singaporean government, which was a very difficult step. However, after establishing a niche market in China, Disney would not have a hard time succeeding in China. China remains a very conservative market completely dependent on the doctrines of Eastern religions. The Orthodox Church had a difficult time operating i n China for a similar reason. China decided to create an environment in which both locals and foreigners could share the popular culture.  Breitenoder (2009, p. 83) argues that Waltz Disney introduced the Hollywood culture to the people of China and Singapore while the communities shared their Eastern religions. Singapore was a good target market because Singaporeans speak English as a second language. In addition, the country participates in renowned socio-cultural expositions to market the country, its people, and commodities. The movie and song production industry is an excellent form of medium of marketing because the industry has a global outreach. The marketing technique assumes a relationship-based model in which Singapore takes its culture to the rest of the world through multimedia (LEWIS 2003, p. 24). Dubai can take a similar opportunity by embracing movie production and the animation culture supported by technological advancements in the U.A.E. Dubai has an established economic and political structure, and it only needs an excellent marketing avenue to place its Burj AL-Arab brand to the right market. Through a good communication plan and an excellent marketing plan, Dubai can achieve its brand prospects without duress. Creating value in Dubai Marketing tools are vital for brand positing products across the world. Alavi, Kayworth, and Leidner (2006, p. 192) argue that marketers have the responsibility of conducting a situational analysis in order to determine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of product launch. Its strength in the construction industry faced a bout during the 2008 and 2011 global crises that affected other areas of the country’s economies. Dubai had to embrace the opportunity to showcase it tourist destinations to the world in attempt to find an activity that would complement its oil and gas industry. In summary, Dubai is a rich country, but it also needs to brand position itself in the competitive globa l markets in order to get returns for its investments. Tepeci (2009, p. 131) analyses the tourism sector in Dubai. According to the scholar, the country invests in excellent transport infrastructure, recreational sector, and wildlife including the hospitality industry. On the other hand, it does not approach the target markets by launching some of the best hotels it has in other countries. Instead, it has the best constructions and airport services, but the country waits for consumers. Alavi et al. (2006, p. 196) take a professional approach to the issue. He establishes that Dubai creates brand that aims at attracting people. The brand seeks recognition by staying within the confines of the country. Countries like Singapore and Malaysia constantly carry out tourism expos in order to expose their curios, tourist destination sites, and hotels. Dubai is in the process of packaging a brand while waiting for its 2020 expo, which will determine how strong the Dubai brand remains within an d outside the U.A.E. Dubai’s Burj AL-Arab brand Brand designers always support the development of a unique brand in order to ensure survival in a rivalled market. Dynamism and diversity are inevitable when dealing in a competitive environment. Burj AL-Arab uniquely identifies Dubai in the U.A.E because normally a five star hotel attracts people to other countries. Dubai’s Burj AL-Arab is a 7 star hotel whose strategic plan is to extend boundaries beyond the U.E. A. Morrison (2013, p. 29) acknowledges that tourism in the 21st century largely depends on the highest level of luxury a facility can offer at the most affordable price in the market. Consumer needs keep changing, and it is important to respond to such concerns. In the recent past, one of the favourite socialite family members visited Dubai on vacation, and this created a very different view of the country. From the U.S. Miami to Dubai for shopping and tourism was sufficient reason for the renowned Kim Kardashi an. Morrison (2013, p. 31) mentions that uniqueness and consistency in delivery are the secrets of dealing with suppliers, rivals, and customers. In essence, it is important to reduce the costs of procurement and increase the amount the customers spend when purchasing a product. Dubai’s Burj AL-Arab mostly targets the affluent tourists who visit Dubai. Morrison (2013, p. 34) also theorises the situation in Dubai through the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. Audience identification and segmentation in Dubai mostly focuses on the consumers that have prospects of achieving self-actualisation. Dubai perceives a transformation of its tourism sector into a major income generator, and game-changer of the 21st century. Almost everyone wants to have access to the Burj Khalifa and Burj AL-Arab, but the facilities have expensive hotel suites and accommodation costs. Peh and Low (2013, p. 62) discuss the development of a functional strategic plan to address the different problems faced by tourism sectors across the world. The author mentions that a marketer should be capable of distinguishing between the needs and wants of the consumers. Consumer oriented hospitality sectors across the world are capable of providing unique and diverse services to customers. Factors that drive the changes in service delivery include quality, price, place, people, product, and sales promotion. When the sales promotion consumers a lot of resource, then the additional costs have to complement the product packaged for consumption. According to Peh and Low (2013, 67), the country has different products and services to offer in its tourism package. The seven star group of hotels invested in parts of the U.A.E mostly target the affluent families within and outside the Middle East. The hotels target consumers who prefer 5 to 7 start hotels in the region, but most clients come from foreign countries. Dubai has a long way to go in terms of brand positioning especially on matters of diversif ication and improvement of the hospitality industry. Dubai City Branding Dubai remains the most renowned city of the U.A.E. Its capital Abu Dhabi is home to many facilities including the Etihad Airways, Boeing, Burj Khalifa, and Strata Manufacturing among other conglomerates and sceneries. Dubai chose to brand itself using Burj AL-Arab because it needs to extend its business ventures beyond the U.A.E. Strata’s aerospace hub (2014) affirms that Dubai enjoys a stardom status within the U.A.E., and it needs to explore foreign ventures in order to gauge its performance at the global level. Burj AL-Arab is a good brand, but it is very expensive because most Dubai manufactured products are naturally costly. As a product, Dubai has all the qualities of marketing such as people, place, and promotion, but it lacks the element of price. In sales and marketing, it is important to create a marketing mix in order to achieve the best results during branding. Strata’s aerospace hub ( 2014) recognises Burj AL-Arab as the only product that brand positions Dubai in the rivalled tourism environment. The product is unique and of high quality, and it would probably attract the quality driven consumers. However, price sensitive customers would opt for Kuwait and Bahrain that offer relatively affordable tourist destination sites and facilities. Bhaskaran and Sukumaran (2007, p. 55) envision Dubai, which offers exquisite and affordable tourism services. Besides offshore and hotel services, Dubai seeks to explore wildlife as an income generating tourism venture. The intention is to influence consumer perception towards product delivery through its 2020 expo. This notwithstanding the possibility of changing country logo to suit consumer needs. Dubai has strict anti- pork eating and non-alcoholism policies. It means that visitors have to adhere to such policies irrespective of their socio-economic lifestyles and the freedoms they tourists enjoy in their countries of origin (Martinez 2011, p. 369). Additionally, Dubai’s conservative religious culture discourages some non-Muslims from visiting the country for fear of extremist Muslims who would harass them while on vacation. Stringent religious doctrines known to affect tourism require proper legal and religious attention from relevant authorities. In Dubai, the Sharia law and the Khadhi courts protect the sanctity of each citizen. It means that the foreigners also need protection from strict principles governing the land. Foreigners need protection because they earn Dubai income through tourism. Bhaskaran and Sukumaran (2007, p. 67) further investigate the impact of Dubai’s association on the tourism sector. According to the scholar, the U.A.E has a lot of growth potential. Two years ago (2012) the cities recorded commercial profit of about USD $ 130 million. Normally countries suffer from debts from the IMF and the World Bank including other credit facilities. Dubai is the richest, but t he most debt bound among the U.A.E countries and it needs to connect interpersonally with other cities in order to manage its debt effectively. Three years ago in November, entered the 2020 U.A.E trade expo, which seeks to exposition different countries globally for the efforts they make towards sustainable business practices. The activities under scrutiny include transport, education, tourism, technology, and governance among some elements of culture. Dubai’s involvement in the 2020 exposition will be of great significance to the country. According to the Bureau International des Expositions Dubai has a good infrastructure that would make its economy flourish through tourism. Janssens, Wijnen, Pelsmacker, and Kenhove (2008, p. 18) argue that branding occurs after market identification and complete product development. Dubai is a product that is ready for consumer use, but one significant factor stands out. Dubai is an expensive place to promote FDI and to visit on a tourist mission. Dubai has a master’s plan for the 2020 expo, which will place the product to the right market. Inability to link a product to the right market affects the product performance. If Dubai takes advantage of the expo rolled out in 2013, it will be capable of understanding its target market perfectly in order to avoid any losses (Govers and Go 2009, p. 90). Opportunities for growth and brand sustainability Moore (2004, p. 196) investigates the processes that either propel or deter the growth of Dubai as a product requisite of brand positioning. Besides investment in quality housing and transport infrastructure, Dubai offers transit between the Persian Gulf and the UK. Hong Kong and the UK depend on the Jebel seaport in order to access other regions of the U.A.E for business ventures. Moore (2004) mentions that Dubai should take advantage of the opportunity to promote its tourism sector to the rest of Europe. The terminals along the Red Sea across the shores link over 60 m illion Europeans and East Asian residents every year. With this in mind, Dubai can transform its tourism into a lucrative business venture. Across the world, Dubai is the sixth most populated country by cargo ships meaning that many people visit the Jebel port for commercial purposes. Janssens et al. (2008, p. 19) complement Moore (2004) and she insists that Dubai had the best link between Africa and the West until China took advantage of the opportunity to market its technology and tourism to Africa. Africa has a great growth potential with target markets. Inexhaustible opportunities exist in Africa and only China had the boldness to explore the open economic system. Bazerman and Don (2009, p. 16) take an interest in brand positioning Dubai through software development, the movie industry, and biotechnology. The U.A.E has the potential of investing in movie production in order to expose its skyscrapers and other tourist destinations through the media. Like Singapore, the country ca n take advantage of ABC Ltd, Walt Disney, or Paramount. Hollywood became a renowned destination for movie production and Disney World enjoys the status it has because of extensive media coverage. According to Sirkeci (2013, p. 27), a marketer understands his or her product perfectly. In order to attract mass attention, the marketer incorporates multimedia. The U.A.E already invests in excellent technology and movie production industry, which Dubai should embrace. People rarely relate with Arabic songs and movies because there are limited efforts made towards translation and increment of awareness to the rest of the world. Ordinarily, no consumer would buy a strange product or service. Tourism destination branding Cross selling is the objective of any marketer who places a product in a competitive environment. Marketing experts incorporate different strategies in brand positioning a product in the target market. According to Isaac, marketers in the tourism and hospitality industry ha ve no other option, but to engage in relationship marketing. Known for its transactional marketing technique, there is little that Dubai can do to achieve its objective because the style of marketing only recognises a short-term encounter between a product and the customer. Branding Dubai as a tourist destination is a collective function of the government, the ministry of tourism, and the residents of Dubai. Sirkeci (2013, p. 28) mentions that each strategic plan has marketing approaches that are in line with the expectations of the target market in relation to the product benefits. According to the author, Dubai should maximize on its tourism potential in order to win the goodwill of people beyond the U.A.E. For instance, Burj al-Arab is a unique product developed by costly resources. It took an equally long period to construct the costly Jebel port, but it does not guarantee expensive service delivery. In marketing, companies assume different approaches that suit the needs of the target population.  Peng (2014, p. 9) supports Sirkeci (2013, p. 31) who promotes the development of high-end hotels that remain affordable to the middle-income earners across the U.A.E. region. At the end of the day, Dubai needs to focus on the price and place strategy. In essence, it should take the tourism benefits to the target population instead of waiting for customers to visit the country. It includes provision of the Burj al-Arab brand in different parts of the world while ensuring that the cost of enjoying the services of the hospitality industry correlate with the income levels of the target population. For instance, Burj al-Arab in Bahrain should capture the income levels of the community before setting the prices. The same should happen to the brand in China and South Africa. The authors agree that at different stages of human development, each person seeks to acquire self-actualisation, which is difficult to attain. Price sensitive customers also seek to enjoy the exc ellence in service delivery from the brand, whose prices should range from one region to another. Destination branding concerns relationship marketing in which the product has to reach the target consumer irrespective of the obstacles involved in the marketing process. Management of tourist destinations and meeting customer expectations Each brand sells within the region of establishment, and its success within the small region gives optimism for the product success in other countries. Burj al-Arab brand is successful in the U.A.E., and Dubai should change from the transactional to relationship marketing strategy in order to capture the greatest audience attention. In a rivalled environment, quality delivery remains inevitable. Timely delivery and observance of consumer aesthetics also form part of the branding process. Clearly, each brand needs a level of recognition in order for it to perform independently in a competitive environment. The author suggests that separation of a bran d from the rival products or services is important because it offers an opportunity for the target consumers to relate with the product or service at an interpersonal level. Customers require effective communication through social media, news releases, and foreign direct investment, which Dubai rarely considers important for growth.  Dubai’s tourism sector needs to learn from other game changers in the market because confining projects such as Burj al-Arab brand within the U.A.E only poses harm than good to the country. Customers are always right and they deserve the requisite attention from marketers and product manufacturers. Dubai’s ministry of tourism should understand that when people use the UAE ports for transit during business, they expect to stay in the cities for a particular period before going back home. Without affordability or respect to other socio-cultural values of the visitors, it becomes almost impossible to woo tourists and the large investor comm unity. Dubaization: Brand-Dubai (2011) approaches the topic from a different angle. The article has an interest in the way different customers respond to products that meet their expectations. According to Dubaization: Brand-Dubai (2011), there are visitors that are naturally difficult to impress. It means that the Dubai government and ministry of tourism have to work extra hard and finance different even organisers who will take an interest in the activities of foreigners within the U.A.E. Dubai is home to sports personalities, business personnel, and tourists among other people. They need accommodation; gym facilities, entertainment, and cuisine that make them feel the difference of being in a new country. In addition, the visitors do not expect many cultural changes in terms of religious bias or interference with their social lives. Transforming into world’s most sought tourist destination Lee (2009, p. 235) does not dispute Dubai’s ability to change its logo, but s he reinforces on the significance of strategy change as opposed to image transformation. First, Dubai cannot operate well if indebted to banks and the public through investment in treasury. An element of the strategy change that can help Dubai overcome its challenges is the incorporation of public relations during branding. Public relations, which is still at its infancy in the country assists many countries in establishing good political and social relations. The marketing element is equally helpful in creating links between individuals and corporate organisations. The service oriented hospitality industry requires Dubai to assess the 4Ps of marketing while employing all the elements of the marketing mix. Kennedy (2004, p. 182) supports the development of a support system for the existing infrastructure in Dubai, which includes an international airport offering transit between the U.A.E. and London. In summary, Dubai needs a behaviour and attitude change in order to transform the t ourism sector into a masterpiece for subsequent generations. Attitude change mostly has a lot to do with changing consumer perception about the austere religious environment in Dubai. Consequently, it is important to conduct civic education so that the locals will learn to be friendly to visitors since it would lengthen their stay in Dubai. The authors find a lot of potential for Dubai to deal with the national debt by maximising on the tourism industry. It does not have to borrow to pay debts; rather, it has a good tourism network, an oil pipeline, and an excellent real estate infrastructure that will propel the economy of the country. References Alavi, M., Kayworth, T. R., and Leidner, D. E 2006, ‘An empirical examination of the influence of organizational culture on knowledge management practices’, Journal of management information systems, vol. 22, no. 3, pp.191-224. Attwood, E 2014, Game changer: King Abdullah Economic City, http://www.arabianbusiness.com/game-chan ger-king-abdullah-economic-city-552956.html Bazerman, M. H., and Don, A. M 2009, Motivational and emotional influences in decision making: Judgment in managerial decision making (7th ed.), Wiley Sons, Hoboken, NJ. Bhaskaran, S., and Sukumaran, N 2007, ‘National culture, business culture and management practices: consequential relationships?’, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 54-67. Bouee, C 2011, Green growth, green profit: How green transformation boosts business, Palgrave Macmillan, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire. Breitenoder, A. F 2009, The impact of cultural characteristics on international web design in marketing communications an analysis, Diplomatic-Verl, Hamburg. Buhalis, D. and Darcy, S 2011, Accessible tourism, Channel View Publications, Bristol, UK. Cozmiuc, C 2011, ‘City branding-just a compilation of marketable assets?’, Journal of economy transdisciplanarity cognition, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 426-436, h ttps://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-pjINI_eWbcWnpuOVhsZlpTYlk/edit Dinnie, K 2011, City branding: theory and cases, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Dubai Branding Process 2014, http://www.thedubai.org/bd.html Dubaization: Brand-Dubai 2011 http://dubaization.wordpress.com/op-eds/brand-dubai/ Dubai’s H1 2013 visitor stats top the charts 2014, http://www.meetmiddleeast.com/articles/show/dubais-h1-2013-visitor-stats-top-the-charts Giesen, M 2014, The Branding of a City – Lessons from Dubai, http://www.martingiesen.com/assets/articles/02.pdf Govers, R., and Go, F 2009, Place branding, Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke. Hourani, A. H 2002, A History of the Arab Peoples, Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.. Janssens, W, Wijnen, K, Pelsmacker, P D, and Kenhove, P V 2008, Marketing Research with SPSS (1st ed), Pearson Education Limited, London. Kanna, A 2011, Dubai, the city as corporation, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis. Kennedy, P. D 2004, Doin g Business with Kuwait (2nd ed.), Kogan Page, Sterling, Virginia. Lee, H. J. J 2009, ‘Dubai’s brand assessment: success and failure in brand management’, Place Branding and Public Diplomacy, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 234-246. Lewis, M 2003, Singapore, Rough Guides, London. Martinez, M. N 2011, ‘City marketing and place branding: a critical review of practice and academic research’, Journal of Town City Management, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 369. Moore, P. W 2004, Doing Business in the Middle East: Politics and Economic Crisis in Jordan and Kuwait, Cambridge University Press, New York. Morgan, M., Lugosi, P. and Ritchie, J. R. B 2010, The tourism and leisure experience, Channel View Publications, Bristol. Morrison, A. M 2013. Marketing and managing tourism destinations, Routledge, New York. Parkerson, B., and Saunders J 2005, ‘City branding: can goods and services branding models be used to brand cities?’, Place branding, vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 242-264. Pe h, L. C., and Low, S. P 2013, Organization design for international construction business, Springer, Berlin. Peng, M. W 2014, Global strategy, South-Western, Mason, Ohio. Sirkeci, I 2013, Transnational marketing and transnational consumers, Springer, Berlin. Smith, L., and Abu, A. M 2013, Higher education in Saudi Arabia: Achievements, challenges and opportunities, Springer, Dordrecht. Strata’s aerospace hub 2014, http://www.hexagonmetrology.com/Strata-Manufacturing-PJSC—UAE_1675.htm#.VFms0UApddg Tepeci, M 2009, Person organization fit in the restaurant industry the effect of personal values, organizational culture, and person organization fit on individual outcomes in the restaurant industry, VDM Verlag Dr. Müller, Saarbrücken. This dissertation on City Branding of Dubai was written and submitted by user Coen Carrillo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Grapes of Wrath and Anthem

A person’s life may be influenced by the time in which he lives in. Two primary examples of this theme are the literary works by John Steinbeck and Ayn Rand, The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem, respectively. During the periods of time where both novels took place in there were societies that have enormous gaps in social influence. They each portray characters of superiority and inferiority over and in comparison to others. Through the analysis of each book, it’s evident that the period in which they lived in had great affects on the characters. The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930's lived. It serves as an excellent example of the deterioration of social unity because one of its main topics of controversy is the class struggle between the rich and the poor. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck consistently focuses on the treatment of the migrant farmers. During many occasions, the Joad Family is put to the test, and it’s apparent that them, along with the other poor people, fail to come close in social power to any character that isn’t poor. The novel tells of ones family’s migration west to California through the great economic depression of the 1930's. The Joad family had to abandon their home and their livelihoods. They had to uproot and set adrift because tractors were rapidly industrializing their farms. The bank took possession of their land because the owners could not pay off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with moving to California. How they survive the cruelty of the landowners that take advantage of them, their poverty and willingness to work. The opening chapter paints a vivid picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described a covering everything, smothering the life out of anything that wants to grow. The dust is symbolic of ... Free Essays on Grapes of Wrath and Anthem Free Essays on Grapes of Wrath and Anthem A person’s life may be influenced by the time in which he lives in. Two primary examples of this theme are the literary works by John Steinbeck and Ayn Rand, The Grapes of Wrath and Anthem, respectively. During the periods of time where both novels took place in there were societies that have enormous gaps in social influence. They each portray characters of superiority and inferiority over and in comparison to others. Through the analysis of each book, it’s evident that the period in which they lived in had great affects on the characters. The Grapes of Wrath is a novel by John Steinbeck that exposes the desperate conditions under which the migratory farm families of America during the 1930's lived. It serves as an excellent example of the deterioration of social unity because one of its main topics of controversy is the class struggle between the rich and the poor. Throughout the novel, Steinbeck consistently focuses on the treatment of the migrant farmers. During many occasions, the Joad Family is put to the test, and it’s apparent that them, along with the other poor people, fail to come close in social power to any character that isn’t poor. The novel tells of ones family’s migration west to California through the great economic depression of the 1930's. The Joad family had to abandon their home and their livelihoods. They had to uproot and set adrift because tractors were rapidly industrializing their farms. The bank took possession of their land because the owners could not pay off their loan. The novel shows how the Joad family deals with moving to California. How they survive the cruelty of the landowners that take advantage of them, their poverty and willingness to work. The opening chapter paints a vivid picture of the situation facing the drought-stricken farmers of Oklahoma. Dust is described a covering everything, smothering the life out of anything that wants to grow. The dust is symbolic of ...

Samsung Marketing Principles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Samsung Marketing Principles - Essay Example The present research has identified that the principles that marketers work with are together with product/service quality and value, competitiveness in innovation, the value of a brand name, understanding the competitors and consumers as well as better market research. The Samsung Corporation specializes in electronics among other products and has been viewed as among the global ‘giants’ in the industry together with the likes of Apple Corporation and others. The corporation has grown to command a global effect since its formation with much of its strength being noted in strategic and effective ‘product life cycle’, effective ‘pricing mechanisms’, high rates of diversification as well as improved and better quality products. Besides, the corporation has been very strategic in marketing practices which have enabled the company effectively capture a global market segment through wonderful and high quality in products, high levels of innovation, h igh brand value and the better understanding of prevailing market environment through market research. Moreover, the corporation adopts great advertising slogans which include the Galaxy ‘S’ slogan ‘The Next Big Thing is Already Here’ and the ‘just like you have been there’ which have been most effective in marketing the company’s products across the globe. Over years, the company has effectively been designing and introducing to market advanced products as seen through the product evolution of the company. In the early years of the formation of Samsung group, it specialized in the production of black and white TVs, later came the color and later incorporated the digital productions. Besides, the corporation has diversified on the product line to include not only the TVs but also fridges, phones, and computer applications among others. Nevertheless, as a global player, it is worth noting that the company has had to brave stiff pressure b y competition from other players in the industry such as the Apple Corporation, for the mobile telephones.

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV Assignment

Apple Computer, Inc. iPhone and Apple TV - Assignment Example In an effort to improve their software products, Apple partnered with Motorola and IBM to produce a power PC chip to run the PowerMacs. Despite this effort, losses in the company increased during 1996 and 1997. While Apple was trying to market its products, a number of competitors emerged in the technological field. This was attributed to the rapid changing entertainment industry. An example of such a company is Got Voice Company, which allows users to record and send voicemail messages in MP3 format to their email accounts, a free service, challenges Apple’s Visual Voicemail on the iPhone. Apple’s effort to expand its business to include more media and software is likely to face challenges. This is an effort to maintain its tech savvy image in the production of its products. The unique design in its products has established a large customer base, which will place more pressure on Apple’s design team. Dimensions along Which Company Success Can be Measured To be a ble to measure Apple’s success, a number of measures can be used. From a financial perspective, Apple’s revenues can be used to indicate its success. These revenues vary depending on the product and region. For instance, Apple’s net income in 2007 from digital music amounted to $3.5 billion. In addition, other financial criteria that can be used include cash flow records, debts and net income. Customers can also be used as a measure of Apple’s success. This covers the market share, growth and customer satisfaction. By 2007, Apple controlled more than 70 percent of the digital music market. In terms of growth, Apple is aiming to capture at least 1 percent of the global cell phone market. Customer satisfaction is evident from Apple’s huge following of its tech savvy products. Another criterion to be used as a measure of Apple’s success includes its internal business processes that cover product quality, marketing effectiveness, inventory contr ol, cost management and margins. Consequently, Apple’s success can be measured through the introduction of new products such as iPad, Apple television, iPod, iPhone and iTunes. Furthermore, these new products indicate Apple’s advancement in technology and their efforts in research and development of new and innovative products. Moreover, Apple’s strategic agreements with various companies indicate that it has grown. These include agreements with Volkswagen, Nike, Burton Snowboards and Starbucks. These agreements include Apple’s iPhone product. This affiliation with different companies has increased customers confidence in Apple’s products. Critical External and Internal Environment Factors Strengths Internal factors that have an impact on Apple’s future depend on the assets and competence within the company. Some of its strengths include its global presence, brand image, strong media content and a synergistic portfolio. The iPod has penetrat ed about 70 percent of the digital music market and continues to grow due to its high sales in the portable digital music industry. Recent studies reveal that Apple has opened more than 200 retail stores worldwide. These retail stores have contributed an estimated $200 million. Apple’s ability to penetrate the global market has made it provide high tech products. These products have gained acceptance in different cultures across the world. Apple’

Why does Britain want Turkey in the EU Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Why does Britain want Turkey in the EU - Essay Example The acceptance of Turkey as a member state of EU is a difficult decision mostly because the risk involved is high. More specifically, the country has proved the last years that significant efforts are made towards the improvement of the social and political condition both in the internal and the external environment; however, the standards set by the EU have not been met still. In order to develop its economy in accordance with the Western standards, Turkey introduced a privatisation programme which ‘has included the sale of a number of key state assets. As for UK, the possibly entrance of Turkey in EU could have significant benefits especially in the commercial sector. Possibly gains in political and military sectors could be also exist but only if the intervention of military in the country’s politics is limited. The final decision belongs to European leaders who will formulate their decision in accordance with the completion of the terms set to Turkey regarding its entrance in the EU. In case that Turkey will not follow the guidelines of EU (as presented also through the paper of the Commission of the European Communities published in 2006, section 2 above) then its entrance in EU is very likely to be postponed again in the next enlargement. For reason Turkish investment in the UK is also growing,the support of UK towards the success of bid of Turkey for the membership should be expected to continue for quite a long.

The Development of Complex Societies

The Development of Complex Societies Introduction The development of complex societies differs from other societies, not only in the number of differentiated societal parts, but whereas in simpler societies that are basically self-regulating, in decision-making functions of its societal components of which these are not generalized and constant. The term state however contains an internally specialised decision-making subsystem. This subsystem or bureaucracy has the power to mobilise certain resources that are not totally embedded within the various societal components. In this essay I have tried to look at the reason behind the rise of complex societies, using material four different ancient societies that of Mesopotamia, China, The Indus Valley and Egypt in and broken down each state in turn to help define the possible reason for each. Ancient Mesopotamia section In Mesopotamia around 4600 to 3400 millennia B.C. which incorporated the Late Ubaid period and into the Middle Uruk period, a relatively complex political formations had emerged at various different times and places. By the end of the Ubaid period, around the late 5th millennia B.C., three-level settlement hierarchies with indications of two levels of political and economic control in south western Iran and probably elsewhere (Wright 1994) was present. By about 4000 B.C., the earliest Uruk formations had emerged along the irrigated regions of the Lower Mesopotamia, the Euphrates-Tigris river system. Evidence from sites suggest a four level settlement hierarchy, with three levels of political control, this suggests a pattern not feasible without internal administrative specialisation, typical of states. At this point due to the lack of unexcavated Early Uruk sites, there is no evidence from the architecture of public buildings or administrative technology such as seals or sealings to indicate the control apparatus. Geographically major centres appear to be both closely and evenly spaced, without however showing a clearly dominant or primate centre. In contrast to this, in the dry-farmed Upper Mesopotamia during the same period settlement patterns and arte-factual evidence suggests different aspects of emergent complexity. In the north eastern portion of Iraq recent analysis done by Rotham (2002) presents evidence of both domestic and public buildings. From the small centre of Tepe Gawra, seals and sealings showing increasing hierarchy in the production of crafts and exchanges as well as showing period of conflict. Ongoing research in the central portion of Upper Mesopotamia indicates centres like Tell Brak had existed at the same time and appears also to have had specialised administrative buildings. Research only shows at this point three levels of hierarchy. The collective data can suggest that different elements of state organisation were present in different areas early in the Uruk period. From the Middle Uruk period, evidence points to a developed Uruk state with internally specialised control apparatus which is present in many parts of Greater Mesopotamia (Johnson 1987; Wright 1998). The emergence of the Mesopotamian civilisation can be seen in the unique ecological and geographical framework of the alluvial lowlands of the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers around the late 5th and 4th Millennia B.C. The ecology framework gives the emerging Mesopotamian societies important advantages in agricultural productivity and subsistence; this is not seen by contemporary polities at the periphery: the geographical framework presents the Mesopotamian societies with sustainable transportation advantages. These two factors created opportunities for rising Mesopotamian elites who could use trade as an important tool for legitimate control of power and expansion resulting in unequal share of resources. In forming a hypothesis for the growing socio-economic differentiation and urban growth giving rise to complex societies in Mesopotamia in the 4th Millennia B.C. modelling trade pattern growth can provide us with some answers. Trade would have been at first largely internal, focussing on individual southern polities that exploited localised ecological rich niches during the Late Ubaid and Early Uruk period. Middle to Late Uruk periods shows a much stronger pattern of external trade between the growing southern cities and the societies at their periphery. Again those in control of more converted resources gained more prominence. Over time a import-substitution process then amplified the one-sided evolutionary impact on the southern societies and shifting trade patterns. Mesopotamia shows gradualist evolutionary perspective, showing clear lines of continuity and change in presenting the core feature of the rise of complex societies of the Sumerian civilisation. A steady state or evenly paced change is nor seen. Both their long histories for their system of writing and temple complexes are salient comparative points. Social complexity is seen through a gradual emergence of settlement hierarchy indicative of a growing administrative structure and cumulative change in craft specialisation. Ancient China Section Early agriculture, building foundations and burials have been documented in China dating back to around 7th Millennia B.C. belonging to the Peiligang culture, but it is not until the first half of the 2nd Millennia B.C. that there is evidence for the first cities from the Shang civilisation. Though there is no significant visible trace above ground of the Shang cities, city sites can be portrayed of areas around 30 and 40 km2, with foundation ruins of clusters of buildings of various sorts. The clusters would have been densest around the centre, becoming sparser with greater distances between one another as they moved away towards the periphery. The clusters probably performed special functions and only this entire web of clusters formed a functional whole. The term web works well, as the clusters of buildings formed the nodules the invisible lines, served as complementary relationships that interconnected the nodules with one another and the centre as a whole. An-yang and Hsiao-tun are two very important sites showing clusters of buildings each laid out in a recognisable plan. At Hsiao-tun although the general architecture is unimpressive, the houses are surrounded by sacrificial burials of humans and horse chariots, storage pits and bone archives of the royal oracle records: this evidence suggests a palace, ancestral hall and ceremonial area of the house of the Shang dynasty (Shih 1959). Other remains of villages or hamlets of various sizes and sorts often within site of one another are also present. The An-yang web of individual nodular components with Hsiao-tun at its nerve centre projects am image of a single community, an urban settlement with many people with specialised segments all representing the Shang capital. The location of a central city may have been looked upon for a limited period as geomantically favourable. The movement of one site to another dictated by divination. Once the capital was moved away whatever was left behind was then transformed into farming fields. What was important was the city, not the site it sat upon. Movement from site to site was at the kings prerogative, with layout and structuring designed to serve him as the centre of attention. The first cities were developed to serve a number of functions all associated to the emergence of a ruler who possessed extraordinary political powers. Central features such as kingship are vital to our understanding of social complexity in northern China. The king presided over a hierarchy of economy, government and religion with himself at the top and centre. The central city was an effective mechanism at exerting political control over all the other settlements. Cities and towns can be seen as lineages at local levels, each hierarchically organised through the state. The elites hold on the lower classes would have been total, one that was sanctioned by fiction and enforced by might. The transition from the Neolithic Lungshan culture to the Shang civilisation presents a quantum leap in the quality of life for the elite, there is however no obvious change in the technology of food production. It is possible that the Shang used fertilizers or had more effective measures of irrigation. There is evidence of more effective cultivation methods that of the tilling of land by team, the so-called hsieh tien, a phrase often seen in the oracle records (Amano 1959). This can lead to a conclusion that during the Shang period there was the successful organisation of large-scale exploitation of a large group of people by a small group of people from within the same society. This can also be seen as the beginning of an oppressive governmental system. This urban revolution was not based on technology or power of production but on reaps of human toil. Clearly two factors not of significance here like in other archaic states are massive changes in the environment and large-scale waterworks. The success of social complexity is derived from a revolution of social systems, which in turn re-aligned societal segments in regards to food resources; coupled with advances in new weaponry, in particular the horse chariot used an effective tool for any necessary oppressive measures in the emergence of a great civilisation. Ancient Indus society The Urban Phase of the Indus or Harappan civilisation is beginning to be recognised in its own right as a unique complex society. The roots of sedentism and the village farming community can be dated back to around the 7th Millennia B.C. or even earlier. Set in the central Indus Valley on the Kachi Plain at a site called Mehrgarh, the Indus urban revolution that was to follow is seen as being thoroughly Indianized, being structured by environment, ecology and architecture. Whilst other states in the archaic period emerged from a long, slow period of gradual and constant culture modification, that eventually led to an emerging pattern of urbanisation and social complexity; the Harappan civilisation seems to have come about in a very short period of transformation, something in the region of 100-150 years. The Pre-Urban and Urban Phase of the Indus civilisation focuses on two things: items related to subsistence and the expression of style. There is clear signs of social stratification, craft and career specialisation, writing and urbanisation in the urban phase, which are all absent in the pre-urban phase. Great change is also seen in the urban phase with a significant increase in sites, followed by a gap in settlement size. Three major sites come to grow all evenly spaced within the Harappan domain Mohenjo-daro, Ganweriwala and Harappa. Evidence indicates two tiers of Harappan settlement, with regional centres or capitals developing in the urban phase. Most evident during the Urban Phase in many Harappan cities and towns is the clear demarcation of public versus private space. The citadel appears at a number of sites and is set apart from actual living space, whereas possible granaries or warehouses are within public spaces suggesting controlled forms of redistribution. Social differentiation is clearly seen in elite and lower class housing within cities. Successful social complexity in the Mature Harappan presents itself through clear signs of social stratification, craft specialism (which was established in some cities within specific districts), and sophisticated engineering and technology development and maintenance, which is indicative of the growth of civic institutions. Smaller settlements were integrated with the great urban centres. There is evidence for intensification of agriculture which concentrated on barley and wheat. Long distance trade networks were established to the east and west alongside internal commerce. Trade was advanced by the use of the wheel (the bullock cart), and that of the boat, with extensive maritime trading at outposts such as Lothal and Bakalot. Shallow harbours which were located at the estuary of rivers that opened into the sea promoted brisk trade with states like that of Mesopotamia. Social complexity is also increasing evident seen through the rise of literacy and social classes, these are two critical axes on which an evaluation of the growth of the Harappan civilisation can proceed (Possehl, 273, 1990). The growth of writing plays a critical role in the Indus as it had in Mesopotamia. Whilst trade and intense economic processes played a revolutionary role in the success of social complexity in the Harappan civilisation, there is one more institutional setting as referred to by Possehl (1990: 277) that is vital to the success of social complexity in the Indus, it is of the organisation of human ideology. The belief systems of what researcher Robert Redfield had referred to as the Great Tradition, in describing a way of life as a vehicle that enables those who share it to identify with one another as members of a common civilisation (Redfield, 1953, 64). Redfield goes on further to explain in regards to the state that the transformation of folk-society into civilisation through the appearance of development of the idea of reform†¦ by deliberate intention or by design (Redfield, 1953, 113). An important aspect to the growth of the Indus region was in its organisational aspects. The Urban phase of the Harappan civilisation was able to form strong temporary allian ces from the surrounding area based on a unique human ideology. This belief system enabled the Harappan civilisation to sustain a successful way of life throughout the Indus region. Operatives like trade, ideology and other institutional settings become centres of action that can promote social complexity and interconnect processes of change: they can in turn be changed by their own socio-cultural environment. Ancient Egypt Society Egypts history is complex, by the mid 5th Millennia B.C. it appears to be occupied by communities of people living in small functionally similar agricultural communities which appear to be only weakly connected politically and economically. But by around 2500 B.C. Egypt had become an integrated empire whose rulers power was expressed through a complex hierarchical bureaucracy. Egypts early settlements were concentrated along the small dynamic floodplain of the Nile. The Nile flood levels were powerful determents of Egypts cultural history. However this flood plain offered the same approximate natural resources for the whole of Egypts developing complexity, and therefore patterns of cultural change cannot be simply explained in terms of the flood variations of the Nile. Agricultural intensification along the Nile would have it own geometric limits and it wasnt until a full conversion to an agrarian society making use of wheat and barley, and domesticated sheep and goats that were introduced from probably south west Asia that changes took place. These changes have been documented in one of the most important areas of the time that of the Fayyum. Egypt: Origins of Complex Societies Hierakonpolis is an extremely important site as it contains the complete Badarian-Amratian-Gerzean sequence. Settled around the 4th Millennia B.C., it is believed the rapid growth of the community was due to the ecological diversity and the exceptional agricultural potential of the region. A massive population explosion occurred around 3800 to 3400 B.C. Its economy was based on both technology (a major pottery producer for Upper Egypt) and productive cereal agriculture along with the exploitation of livestock. From its size and rich content of some tombs the economy operated in the context of significant social ranking (Hoffman: 182). By 3200 B.C. there is evidence for cobblestone foundations that support a theory of a fortified palace, temple or administrative centre and Hoffman et al have concluded that Hierakonpolis had become the capital of a southern Egyptian state. The development of the Egyptian civilisation can be seen as an essentially internal and uninterrupted process, wit h Hierakonpolis lying at the centre. The Narmer Palette and other important finds at Hierakonpolis clearly suggest a centralised and stratified society. Maadi dated to around 3650 B.C. is another important site. It shows pottery style connections to Syro-Palestine and that of Greater Mesopotamia. Burials show sufficient diversity in contexts to reflect differences in status and emerging social ranking. Its site plans, finds and other evidence point to an organised society that controlled commodity production and exchange, alongside evidence for substantial copper smelting and working. Developing complexity in Pre-dynastic Egypt is seen in a shift with developmental focus now from the south to the north. The Delta was believed to be the critical region in the later Pre-dynastic as the main channel of foreign influence into Egypt and also overland trade routes. Trigger et al (1984) notes that the important changes that took place in Predynastic Egypt were the evolution of ritual systems and the expanded lines of political authority transformations. These changes are though having a dramatic impact may fail to survive in the archaeological record. Many scholars such as Schulman or Wilding challenge the theory that a military conquest by southern rulers unified the Egyptian state as the Narmer Palette commemorates. It is now thought that the unification process occurred around 3100 B.C. and was formed successfully on a complex hierarchical social and political institution which was supported by a powerful economy with major interests in international commerce and politics. The success of Egypt lies in its centralisation of its early political systems, despite it being the least urbanised. Agricultural productivity was still closely dependent on the Nile flood Levels; but the socio-political evolution was a complex interweaving web, incorporating ecological uniformity and it exploited the transport potential of the Nile effectively. Old Kingdom settlement patterns play an important part to the understanding of emerging social complexity it can be seen as the disintegration of central authority and the rise of semi autonomous families in the provinces (Kemp 101). By the Late Old Kingdom control of local affairs once controlled by the Pharaohs overseer now began to come from provincial governors or monarchs. There can be seen a slow but continuous expansion and diversity of society with provincial administrative institutions helping to grow its complexity. The cultural history of Egypt cannot simply be explained in ecological or economic terms, these do play an import part, what is deeply rooted in Egypts success is its rise in Ideology. The Idea of divine kingship, where the whole structure of both state religious and political institutions are all derived from the very notion that the Pharaohs authority and so the states was divine in origin. Conclusion The emergence of complex societies is an enduring focus for archaeologists. Identifying when and under what circumstances a political transformation has occurred combined with in some cases evaluating competing ideas explaining the origins of states themselves. Research itself has proven difficult, in part because the process is not easy to understand with limited archaeological evidence, but also as it is not a unitary and rapid process.

Critical Analysis of Drugs Essay

Drugs and alcohol use has been a common and consistent problem in the United States for quite a long time. From the prohibition era in the 1920’s to the common drug use seen in the 1970’s, we have always seen a problem that needs to be addressed. An array of scholars, from all the disciplines, have each experimented and researched this topic in their own unique ways. The natural sciences take a purely scientific approach by hypothesizing and using the scientific method to research and made evaluative claims based on experiment and observation as shown in the article â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students†. Social Science is similar because it also uses hypotheses and the scientific method to observe and evaluate experiments, but at the same time uses theory critique and discussion methods as seen in the article â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking†. The Humanities take a very difference approach to experiments and research than the natural or social sciences. The Humanities utilize analysis and interpretation in their approach and provide very subjective results to their studies as seen in, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students†. All of these techniques give us a better understand of the subject as a whole by exposing us to all the different views of a single topic. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline Drugs and alcohol use, particularly in college students, in a continuously rising issue in our current society and is gaining more notice in recent years because of the rise in college student awareness. It is a pressing issue that affects people’s health, lifestyle, and general well being and needs to be treated with attention and an open mind to help resolve its current issues. Part I. From the scholarly point of view, drug and alcohol use in the college setting is covered by all the disciplines with different attention on certain aspects by each respective discipline. A social science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking,† by Dr. Morgen delves into college students drinking habits, and why they act as they do. The articles purpose is to show the relationship between how students perceive their drinking and how bad it actually is. Dr. Morgen focuses on identifying the problem and evaluating it. This isn’t far off from the approach the Natural Science article, â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students† by Dr.Moore and Dr. Werch. Their focus is to compare exercise habits among self identified drinkers and to come up with scientific explanations for their habits. Like Dr. Morgen, the study included asking questions about the students drinking habits and perceptions of their actions. But, unlike Dr. Morgen there is a more objective approach to the results and less room for interpretation. The Humanities article compares more with the Social Science article and contrasts with the Natural Science take on the subject. The article, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students† focuses strictly on discussion and results to questions they presented to the women in their study. When comparing the Humanities article to the other two, you can see a difference in the materials covered and analyzed. The Humanities support its findings through their discussion and thoughts on the results, while the two science articles find support from empirical data. When looking at all three sources it is easy to realize how complex and broad drugs and alcohol are among the three disciplines. When we view the Natural Science article is it clear that the use of scientific sources are more prevalent than in the Humanities article. The Humanities utilize primary sources, where the Social Sciences use a mixture of methods found in both the Humanities and the Natural Sciences. All of these scholarly discussions demonstrate the complexity of the subject, while also exposing it from many different angles. Each article seems to approach the topic of drugs and alcohol by exhibiting several different opportunities for argument. Given that all three articles deal with three different disciplines it’s no surprise that each article comes to its respective conclusion by different rhetorical means. â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students,† by Moore and Werch, works to indentify factors in college students drinking and exercise habits and link them together. Moore and Werch rely on logos to convey their results, given that the article is in the Natural Sciences it uses facts, statistics, and experiments to argue its results. This differs greatly from, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students† by VonDras et al. because VonDras et al. make up the framework of their approach and argument by using credibility and reliable sources (ethos). The Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking† by Dr. Morgen, is a combination of both approaches. The use of logical reasoning and experiments yield to logos, but at the same time the exploitation of reliable sources and trustworthiness demonstrate ethos as its rhetorical choice. The point of view of the three articles is first person because the authors are directly explaining the experiments methods, process, and discussion to the reader. Throughout the three sources there is a certain ethos connection because of the experimenters relying on honest input from their subjects in each experiment. Overall, all three articles state the importance of the positions they take, and relate their topics to some degree. All have in common a kind of moderation in how they appeal to an audience rhetorically. Each source uniquely represents its particular discipline through textual evidence, and its take on the subject at hand. The Humanities article, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students† by VonDras et al. represents humanities perfectly because of its strong use of interpretation and analysis. This approach differs greatly from the â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students† article, which uses more observation and the scientific method, which is very representative of the Natural Sciences. Once again incorporating some of both of the disciplines to represent its take is the Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking†. There is clear use of scientific method and experiment, but you can also see interpretation and analysis in the conclusion discussion which talks about the students drinking habits and perceived benefits from consuming alcohol. The Natural Science article strays from its disciplines approach at times and seems to come across as a Social Science article. Its uses analysis and observation along with its hypothesis. The Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking† is most typical to its specific discipline. It exemplifies traditional Social Science approaches to the experiment and discussion more wholly than the Natural Science and Humanities articles represent their topic. The least typical to its discipline is the Natural Science article, â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students†. Though, as stated, it does use scientific approaches which represent the Natural Sciences, it also incorporates some Social Science attributes in its structure. This is dissimilar to the Humanities article, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students† because as previously stated, VonDras et al. stuck to the proper methods in their research and represented the Humanities in a proper fashion. Taken as a whole, these three scholarly sources predominantly stick to their discipline and properly represent their respective disciplines. Part II. The importance of drug and alcohol use in the college setting has never been more important and relevant than it is now. Drug and alcohol use at the college level can have many detrimental effects on the future of our society. We, the college students in America, are the future of this country, and if we cannot be responsible enough to drink not in excess then how can we be trusted to continue to run this country smoothly. The three sources used from the three different disciplines all touch on important ideas related to the topic at hand. As stated in the Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking† by Dr. Morgen, most of the college students that claim they have their drinking habits in control and receive lots of benefits from drinking fall into the DSM-IV-TR category for alcoholism. This is a relevant issue because it shows that college students who think they are responsible for their actions could easily have a disease and not even know it. We must strive to fix or at least help the issue that is in front of us by going straight to the matter. In the Natural Science article, â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students† it states college students who exercise more are more likely to drink heavily. That seems highly counterproductive, but from the student’s point of view, they feel that if they work out and exercise they can drink as a reward for their efforts. This is a skewed way to look at it and should also be addressed. We don’t need to promote no drinking because that will simply not work, but we can push to inform people of the health risks and harm they do to their bodies by drinking heavily on a regular basis. This is a very relevant take on the subject because it alerts the reader of the things they found and provides unbiased, correct information on the topic of drinking amongst college students. The Humanities article, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students† approaches the subject from a different angle but still covers useful and relevant material to use and discuss. Its main idea is talking about how religion and spirituality effect their views and habits of drinking. The study found that religious affiliation and aspects of spiritual well being are moderators of behavior that lead to alcohol prevention. The level of awareness of the issue of alcohol use of all three scholarly sources seems to be very high. They all selected their topic of research to find definitive results about the use of alcohol and its effects on the people who abuse it. There seems to be a suitable amount of attention given, which is good because it seems that a large group of people are unaware of the negative aspects on their lifestyle and health of heavy drinking and drug use. We should be focused strongly on the issue more than the discipline we are reading it from. All the disciplines have unique approaches to their discussions but they still head towards the same issue that we should be focused on. All three of the sources seem to stay focused and never stray from alcohol use as their main topic. The Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking† seems to be most relevant because of its practical explanations. It includes input and thoughts from the Natural Sciences and the Humanities, and that’s what makes it a Social Science article. The practicality of its subject, why students drink, is easy to understand, but at the same time is very in-depth. We learn so much from it such as, why people drink, how much they drink, their perceived benefits from consumption, and the effects of all those things added up. As stated earlier, this issue is very important in our society at this moment. College should be fun, but at the same time we must learn to be responsible and focus on what we are in college to do. That is learn and get an education so that we can later because the leaders and innovators that push this country to greatness. Only so much can be done, but the first step to changing anything is raising awareness on college campuses. Overall, drug and alcohol abuse is portrayed in all the disciplines with each one having an important input on the matter as a whole. It is a pressing issue that affects people’s health, lifestyle, and general well being and needs to be treated with attention and an open mind to help resolve its current issues. We cannot stray from this pressing issue in the near future and must continue to research and experiment so that we may better understand drug and alcohol use from all different points of view. As stated in the Social Science article, â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking†, students who perceive their consumption as normal have in reality worse habits than the average person. We have to strive to expose this issue and correct it as best we can in the future. From the Humanities article, â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students†, we can conclude that religious affiliation and sense of spiritual well-being seem to have a positive effect on drinking habits. Simply put, morals seem to have an effect on if a person abuses alcohol or drugs. Also, as found in the Natural Science source, â€Å"Relationship between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students† people seem to be negatively reinforcing themselves because it was found that people how exercise more reported consuming more alcohol than the average person. That finding is a sad thing because it is so counterproductive to the body. From the sources as a whole you can easily find the connection that this is a pertinent issue today and will continue to be in the future. Its importance cannot be stressed enough but even with that, people will continue to not listen and use substances more than is considered responsible. We will see the consequences of this in the coming years, and determine if the issue really is as big as it seems, or if people finally grow up when they get out of college and realize they can’t have such destructive behaviors and continue to contribute to society in a positive way. In conclusion, we cannon stray from this issue, but we must continue to research it and learn from it to help fix and explain it to coming generations. Moore, Michele Johnson, and Chudley Werch. â€Å"Relationship Between Vigorous Exercise Frequency and Substance Use Among First-Year Drinking College Students. † Journal of American College Health Vol. 56. No. 6 (2008): 686-690. Morgen, Keith, and Lauren Gunneson. â€Å"Decisional Balance and Collegiate Drinking. † Journal of Alcohol & Drug Education (2008): 18-36. VonDras, D. , R. Schmitt, and D. Marx. â€Å"Associations Between Aspects of Spiritual Well-Being, Alcohol Use, and Related Social-Cognitions in Female College Students. † Journal of Religion & Health Vol. 46 (2007): 500-515.